In this Letter, we report a combination of non-invasive analysis of the cross-section structure, phase, and chemical composition combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) with spectroscopic methods such as X-ray analytical microscope (μ-XRF) and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-RS), which allow us to effectively and conveniently identify the colorants used for each color region and the glass-making process of an ancient multicolored stratified glass eye bead. The results reveal that the sophisticated colors of the glass bead arise from the transition metals and chemical compound crystals deliberately added in the same base glass and carefully adjusted by the glass maker to obtain four colors. We also propose and discuss the provenance of the glass bead. It was probably introduced to China through the Northern Silk Road from Egypt or the Eastern Mediterranean areas about 1400 years ago. The combined multi-analytical technique is the promising approach for precious cultural heritage research.

By controlling the wavelength and power of multiple light sources, we have realized a highly flexible Nyquist pulse generation scheme, in which the pulse repetition frequency, pulse multiplication factor, waveform envelope shape, and duty cycle are all tunable. By modulating the 3.2 GHz RF signal, we experimentally generated Nyquist pulses with repetition rates of 6.4 GHz and 9.6 GHz, a rectangular wave with a duty cycle of 0.26, and a sawtooth wave with a duty cycle of 0.52.

We present a kind of large effective aperture metalens based on an optical sparse aperture (OSA) system. Each subaperture of the system is a metalens, which is comprised of just a thin Au film with patterned subwavelength rectangular annular arrays on a SiO2 substrate and has a numerical aperture of 0.46 with a diameter of 21.6 μm. Ring6 design was selected to enlarge the effective aperture and enhance the spatial resolution. Compared with the absent mid-frequency and high-frequency modulation transfer function of individual metalens, Ring6 can offer a full-frequency band and show a better restored image quality by using Tikhonov regularization.

In this letter, we solve three-dimensional time-dependent Newton equations for atoms interacting with a ten-cycle elliptically polarized laser pulse. The ionized electron momentum distributions show a tilt angle between the distribution density peak and the main polarization axis. The tilt angle’s behavior changes with an increasing laser intensity. We show that this behavior change is directly related to the release time of the electron from the atom.